![]() ![]() This diagram is something of a simplification and shows the arrangement of atoms rather than the bonding. You might argue that carbon has to form 4 bonds because of its 4 unpaired electrons, whereas in this diagram it only seems to be forming 3 bonds to the neighboring carbons. The layers, of course, extend over huge numbers of atoms – not just the few shown above. The distance between the layers is about 2.5 times the distance between the atoms within each layer. In that case, it is important to give some idea of the distances involved. Notice that you can’t really draw the side view of the layers to the same scale as the atoms in the layer without one or another part of the diagram is either very spread out or very squashed. Electrical conductivity perpendicular to the layers is consequently about 1000 times lower Bonding between layers is via weak van der Waals bonds, which allow layers of graphite to be easily separated, or to slide past each other. The fourth electron is free to migrate in the plane, making graphite electrically conductive. ![]()
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